Home / No-fault vs at-fault states: what does 'no-fault state' mean?
No-fault vs at-fault states: what does 'no-fault state' mean?
A no-fault state requires drivers to carry PIP and limits lawsuits with a threshold. Triple-I counts 12 no-fault states plus Puerto Rico; the rest are at-fault or add-on. This table lists each state we could verify from its own statute or insurance department, and says which we could not. General information, not legal advice.
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At a glance
The 50 states by system
- No-fault
- Choice no-fault
- Add-on
- At-fault (tort)
- Not verified
46 of the 50 states are in the table: 9 no-fault, 3 choice no-fault, 10 add-on and 24 at-fault. The other 4 are left out below.
The table
System, required benefits and lawsuit threshold, state by state
Download the table as CSV. The Source column quotes the statute or insurance department page; PDF sources show the section instead of a quote.
| State | System | Required first-party benefits | Lawsuit threshold | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Alaska Division of Insurance, Auto Insurance Coverage Options; Consumer Guide to Automobile Insurance [2] [3] |
| Arizona | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Arizona Dept. of Insurance Auto Premium Report (2019); A.R.S. § 28-4009 [4] [5] |
| Arkansas | Add‑on | $5,000 per person medical/hospital benefits (plus income disability and death benefits), unless rejected in writing | No lawsuit threshold | Ark. Code §§ 23-89-202, 23-89-203 [6] (FindLaw copy) [7] (FindLaw copy) |
| California | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | California Dept. of Insurance, Automobile Insurance guide (Feb. 2025) [8] |
| Colorado | Add‑on | $5,000 medical payments coverage, unless rejected in writing | No lawsuit threshold | C.R.S. § 10-4-635(1) [9] (FindLaw copy) |
| Connecticut | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 38a-334(a), 38a-338 [10] |
| Delaware | Add‑on | $15,000 per person / $30,000 per accident | No lawsuit threshold | 21 Del. C. 2118(a)(2) [11] |
| Florida | No‑fault | $10,000 medical and disability, $5,000 death | verbal: significant and permanent loss of important bodily function, or permanent injury | Fla. Stat. 627.733, 627.736(1), 627.737(2) [12] [13] [14] |
| Georgia | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | O.C.G.A. § 33-34-3.1(a), (c) [15] (FindLaw copy) |
| Hawaii | No‑fault | PIP benefits subject to $10,000 aggregate limit per person (insurer may offer more) | $5,000 in personal injury protection benefits incurred, or death / permanent loss of use / permanent serious disfigurement | HRS §§ 431:10C-306, 431:10C-103.5, 431:10C-304 [16] [17] [18] |
| Idaho | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Idaho DOI Required Auto Coverage page [19] |
| Illinois | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Illinois DOI Auto Insurance Shopping Guide [20] |
| Iowa | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Iowa Insurance Division Auto Insurance page [21] |
| Kansas | No‑fault | PIP required: medical benefits of at least $4,500 and rehabilitation benefits of at least $4,500 (plus other PIP benefits defined in K.S.A. 40-3103) | $2,000 medical expense, or disfigurement / weight-bearing bone fracture / compound-comminuted-displaced-compressed fracture / loss of body member / permanent injury / permanent loss of function / death | K.S.A. 40-3107(f), 40-3103(k),(r), 40-3117 [22] [23] [24] |
| Kentucky | Choice no‑fault | Basic reparation benefits (PIP) up to $10,000 per person | $1,000 medical expense, or fracture / disfigurement / permanent injury / loss of body member / death (unless the driver rejected the limitation) | KRS 304.39-020(2), 304.39-060 [25] (FindLaw copy) [26] (FindLaw copy) |
| Louisiana | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Louisiana DOI Consumer's Guide to Auto Insurance (rev. 03/2026) [27] |
| Maine | Add‑on | Medical payments of at least $2,000 per person, required in every liability policy | No lawsuit threshold | 29-A M.R.S. §§ 1605(2)(C)(4), 1605-A [28] [29] |
| Maryland | Add‑on | $2,500 PIP, unless waived in writing | No lawsuit threshold | Md. Code, Ins. § 19-505 [30] |
| Massachusetts | No‑fault | $8,000 | $2,000 reasonable medical expenses (or death, loss of body member, disfigurement, fracture, etc.) | M.G.L. c. 90 §§ 34A, 34M; c. 231 § 6D [31] [32] [33] |
| Michigan | No‑fault | Driver selects medical PIP limit: $50,000 (Medicaid-enrolled only), $250,000, $500,000, or unlimited | Verbal: death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement | MCL 500.3101, 500.3107c, 500.3135 [34] [35] |
| Minnesota | No‑fault | $40,000 total ($20,000 medical + $20,000 income/other loss) | $4,000 reasonable medical expense (or permanent injury, disfigurement, 60-day disability, death) | Minn. Stat. §§ 65B.44, 65B.51 [36] [37] |
| Mississippi | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Mississippi Insurance Department auto insurance page [38] |
| Missouri | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Missouri Department of Insurance Consumer Guide to Auto Insurance [39] |
| Nebraska | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Nebraska Department of Insurance, Importance of Auto Insurance and Types of Coverage [40] |
| Nevada | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Nevada Division of Insurance, Automobile Insurance [41] |
| New Hampshire | Add‑on | $1,000 per person medical payments, required when you buy a personal auto policy (insurance itself is not mandatory) | No lawsuit threshold | RSA 264:16; NH Insurance Department Guide to Auto Insurance [42] [43] |
| New Jersey | Choice no‑fault | At least $15,000 per person/accident (options up to $250,000) | Driver's choice: Limitation on Lawsuit Option requires death, loss of body part, significant disfigurement/scarring, displaced fracture, loss of a fetus, or permanent injury; No Limitation option has none | NJ Dept. of Banking and Insurance, Auto Insurance Guide 2026 (N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8) [44] |
| New Mexico | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | NM OSI consumer tip, April 2022 [45] |
| New York | No‑fault | $50,000 basic economic loss per person per accident | serious injury (verbal threshold, defined in Ins. Law 5102(d)) | N.Y. Ins. Law § 5104; 11 NYCRR § 65-1.1 [46] [47] (Cornell LII copy) |
| North Carolina | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | NCDOI consumer article, July 2026 [48] |
| North Dakota | No‑fault | $30,000 basic no-fault benefits | $2,500 medical expenses (or other serious injury criteria) | N.D. Cent. Code §§ 26.1-41-01, 26.1-41-02, 26.1-41-08 [49] |
| Ohio | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Ohio Department of Insurance, Automobile Insurance Guide [50] |
| Oklahoma | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Oklahoma Insurance Department, Auto Insurance resource guide (Dec. 2024) [51] |
| Oregon | Add‑on | $15,000 medical expenses (plus income loss up to $3,000/month, $5,000 funeral) | No lawsuit threshold | ORS 742.520, 742.524 [52] (public.law copy) [53] (public.law copy) |
| Pennsylvania | Choice no‑fault | $5,000 medical benefit | serious injury (verbal) if limited tort chosen; none under full tort | 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1711, 1705 [54] [55] |
| Rhode Island | Add‑on | Medical payments of at least $2,500 per person ($5,000 aggregate), unless rejected in writing | No lawsuit threshold | R.I. Gen. Laws § 27-7-2.5 [56] |
| South Carolina | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | S.C. Code Ann. §§ 38-77-144, 38-77-150 [57] |
| South Dakota | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | S.D. Division of Insurance consumer page (Mandatory Coverage) [58] |
| Texas | Add‑on | PIP must be in the policy (max required $2,500 per person); the named insured may reject it in writing | No lawsuit threshold | Tex. Ins. Code §§ 1952.152, 1952.153 [59] (public.law copy) [60] (public.law copy) |
| Utah | No‑fault | $3,000 per person | $3,000 medical expenses (or death, dismemberment, permanent disability/impairment, permanent disfigurement, bone fracture) | Utah Code §§ 31A-22-307, 31A-22-309 [61] [62] |
| Vermont | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | VT DFR Consumer's Guide to Auto Insurance (rev. 2019) [63] |
| Virginia | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | Va. Code § 38.2-2201 [64] |
| Washington | At‑fault (tort) | None required (insurers must offer PIP, which the named insured may reject in writing; the offered minimum includes $10,000 in medical and hospital benefits) | No lawsuit threshold | RCW 48.22.085 and 48.22.095 [65] [66] |
| West Virginia | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | WV Offices of the Insurance Commissioner, Automobile Mandatory Limits [67] |
| Wisconsin | Add‑on | Medical payments of at least $1,000 per person, unless the named insured rejects it | No lawsuit threshold | Wis. Stat. § 632.32(4) [68] [68] |
| Wyoming | At‑fault (tort) | None required | No lawsuit threshold | W.S. § 31-10-101; Wyoming DOI consumer page [69] [70] |
Left out
States we left out, and why
- Alabama: We did not find an official Alabama source that says whether PIP or medical payments must be included in a policy, so we do not classify it. Check the state's insurance department.
- Indiana: We did not find an official Indiana source that says whether PIP or medical payments must be included in a policy, so we do not classify it. Check the state's insurance department.
- Montana: We did not find an official Montana source that says whether PIP or medical payments must be included in a policy, so we do not classify it. Check the state's insurance department.
- Tennessee: We did not find an official Tennessee source that says whether PIP or medical payments must be included in a policy, so we do not classify it. Check the state's insurance department.
How to read it
Reading the table
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- No-fault: PIP is required and a threshold limits lawsuits for pain and suffering (a dollar amount of medical expense, or a described serious injury).
- Choice no-fault: the driver chooses a limited or an unlimited right to sue.
- Add-on: first-party benefits (PIP or medical payments) are part of the policy but lawsuits are not restricted. That covers a state where they are required outright, required unless you reject or waive them (Maryland and Texas in writing; Wisconsin lets the named insured reject medical payments), and required whenever you buy a policy (Maine, New Hampshire).
- Offered is not included: "must be offered" is not the same as "must be included unless rejected". In Washington, for example, insurers must offer PIP as an optional coverage, so the table does not call it add-on.
- At-fault (tort): no PIP or medical payments coverage is required in the policy and there is no lawsuit threshold; the table says so only where the state's own source lists the required coverages (for example liability and uninsured motorist) or says PIP is optional.
- Court decisions: we read each state's statute or agency page for this classification, not court decisions. A court ruling could change how a statute applies.
An at-fault row is our reading of what the source lists as required; a source that does not use the word "tort" is noted in the Source column by the quote it gives. For the plain-language explainer, see what PIP and no-fault mean.
Want to talk it through? A person usually calls you back in about 15 minutes (8am to 8pm Central). You never pay CrashFirst. CrashFirst is not a law firm and does not give legal advice. Laws change; confirm on the state's own page. General information as of November 9, 2026.
Keep reading
- Guide
What is PIP insurance, and what does no-fault mean?
What personal injury protection (PIP) and no-fault insurance mean, the four kinds of state system, and what we verified for Tennessee, Alabama, Oklahoma and South Carolina. Sourced.
Open - Guide
What is uninsured motorist coverage, and how does it work?
What uninsured and underinsured motorist (UM/UIM) coverage is, and how Tennessee, Alabama, Oklahoma and South Carolina rules read on offer, rejection and limits. Sourced.
Open - Tool
Minimum car insurance by state: look up your limits
Pick a state to see its minimum required car insurance limits, with the statute or insurance department page behind each number. All 50 states, checked Nov 2026.
Open - State reference
Who pays medical bills after a car crash in Tennessee?
Health insurance, the at-fault driver's insurer, your own coverage and hospital liens: how each works in Tennessee, with statute citations. Nov 2026.
Open - Guide
How are car accident settlements calculated? The factors, not a formula
The factors courts and statutes name when a car accident claim is valued: damages types, fault share and caps in TN, AL, OK and SC. No formula, no dollar estimates. Sourced.
Open
Sources
- Triple-I (Insurance Information Institute), Background on: No-fault auto insurance (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“the term no-fault applies only to states where insurance companies pay first-party benefits and where there are restrictions on the right to sue”“Twelve states and Puerto Rico have no-fault auto insurance laws”“The no-fault system is intended to lower the cost of auto insurance by taking small claims out of the courts”
- Alaska Division of Insurance, Auto Insurance Coverage Options; Consumer Guide to Automobile Insurance (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Liability coverage is the only coverage you are required to carry under Alaska law.”
- Alaska Division of Insurance, Auto Insurance Coverage Options; Consumer Guide to Automobile Insurance (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: Alaska Division of Insurance, Auto Insurance Coverage Options; Consumer Guide to Automobile Insurance
- Arizona Dept. of Insurance Auto Premium Report (2019); A.R.S. § 28-4009 (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: Arizona Dept. of Insurance Auto Premium Report (2019); A.R.S. § 28-4009
- Arizona Dept. of Insurance Auto Premium Report (2019); A.R.S. § 28-4009 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“An owner's motor vehicle liability policy shall comply with the following:”
- Ark. Code §§ 23-89-202, 23-89-203 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via FindLaw (unofficial copy)“up to an aggregate of five thousand dollars ($5,000) per person”
- Ark. Code §§ 23-89-202, 23-89-203 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via FindLaw (unofficial copy)“The named insured shall have the right to reject in writing all or any one (1) or more of the coverages enumerated in § 23-89-202.”
- California Dept. of Insurance, Automobile Insurance guide (Feb. 2025) (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: California Dept. of Insurance, Automobile Insurance guide (Feb. 2025)
- C.R.S. § 10-4-635(1) (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via FindLaw (unofficial copy)“unless coverage is provided in the policy or in a supplemental policy for medical payments with benefits of five thousand dollars”
- Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 38a-334(a), 38a-338 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“bodily injury liability, property damage liability, medical payments and uninsured motorists coverages under such policies, shall make mandatory the inclusion of bodily injury liability, property damage liability and uninsured motorists coverages”
- 21 Del. C. 2118(a)(2) (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“is a minimum limit for the total of all payments which must be made pursuant to that subparagraph of $15,000 for any 1 person and $30,000 for all persons injured in any 1 accident”
- Fla. Stat. 627.733, 627.736(1), 627.737(2) (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“to a limit of $10,000 in medical and disability benefits and $5,000 in death benefits”
- Fla. Stat. 627.733, 627.736(1), 627.737(2) (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Significant and permanent loss of an important bodily function.”
- Fla. Stat. 627.733, 627.736(1), 627.737(2) (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“shall maintain security as required by subsection (3) in effect continuously”
- O.C.G.A. § 33-34-3.1(a), (c) (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via FindLaw (unofficial copy)“The requirement for filing forms and rates under this subsection shall not be construed as a requirement for the offering or quoting of medical payment coverages to insureds or as authority for the Commissioner to require the offering or quoting of such coverage.”
- HRS §§ 431:10C-306, 431:10C-103.5, 431:10C-304 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“personal injury protection benefits incurred by such person equal or exceed $5,000”
- HRS §§ 431:10C-306, 431:10C-103.5, 431:10C-304 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Personal injury protection benefits shall be subject to an aggregate limit of $10,000 per person”
- HRS §§ 431:10C-306, 431:10C-103.5, 431:10C-304 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Every personal injury protection insurer shall provide personal injury protection benefits for accidental harm as follows”
- Idaho DOI Required Auto Coverage page (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Idaho residents are required to maintain **Bodily Injury Liability** and **Property Damage Liability** coverage for each personal use vehicle registered in Idaho”
- Illinois DOI Auto Insurance Shopping Guide (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“In addition to the required coverages, you can buy optional coverages for extra premium.”
- Iowa Insurance Division Auto Insurance page (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Iowa law requires minimum liability coverage”
- K.S.A. 40-3107(f), 40-3103(k),(r), 40-3117 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“include personal injury protection benefits to the named insured, relatives residing in the same household”
- K.S.A. 40-3107(f), 40-3103(k),(r), 40-3117 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“having a reasonable value of $2,000 or more”
- K.S.A. 40-3107(f), 40-3103(k),(r), 40-3117 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“up to a limit of not less than $4,500, for necessary health care”
- KRS 304.39-020(2), 304.39-060 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via FindLaw (unofficial copy)“The maximum amount of basic reparation benefits payable for all economic loss resulting from injury to any one (1) person as the result of one (1) accident shall be ten thousand dollars”
- KRS 304.39-020(2), 304.39-060 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via FindLaw (unofficial copy)“exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000)”
- Louisiana DOI Consumer's Guide to Auto Insurance (rev. 03/2026) (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: Louisiana DOI Consumer's Guide to Auto Insurance (rev. 03/2026)
- 29-A M.R.S. §§ 1605(2)(C)(4), 1605-A (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“must provide coverage in an amount equal to or greater than $2,000 per person for medical costs incurred as a result of injuries sustained in an accident involving the insured vehicle”
- 29-A M.R.S. §§ 1605(2)(C)(4), 1605-A (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“(4) For medical payments pursuant to”
- Md. Code, Ins. § 19-505 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“shall include up to $2,500 for:”
- M.G.L. c. 90 §§ 34A, 34M; c. 231 § 6D (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Every motor vehicle liability policy and every motor vehicle liability bond, as defined in section thirty-four A, issued or executed in this commonwealth shall provide personal injury protection benefits as defined therein except to the extent such defined benefits to an insured or obligor or members of an insured's or obligor's household may be modified, reduced or eliminated by the purchase of the deductible authorized in this section. The benefits due and payable under any motor vehicle liability policy or bond as a result of the provisions therein providing personal injury protection benefits, and any benefits due any person entitled to make claim under the assigned claims plan established in accordance with section thirty-four N, are granted in lieu of damages otherwise recoverable by the injured person or persons in tort as a result of an accident occurring within this commonwealth”
- M.G.L. c. 90 §§ 34A, 34M; c. 231 § 6D (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“to the amount or limit of at least eight thousand dollars on account of injury to or death of any one person”
- M.G.L. c. 90 §§ 34A, 34M; c. 231 § 6D (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“a plaintiff may recover damages for pain and suffering, including mental suffering associated with such injury, sickness or disease, only if the reasonable and necessary expenses incurred in treating such injury, sickness or disease for necessary medical, surgical, x-ray and dental services, including prosthetic devices, and necessary ambulance, hospital, professional nursing and funeral expenses are determined to be in excess of two thousand dollars”
- MCL 500.3101, 500.3107c, 500.3135 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“A limit of $250,000.00 per individual per loss occurrence for any personal protection insurance benefits under section 3107(1)(a)”
- MCL 500.3101, 500.3107c, 500.3135 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“A person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused by his or her ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement”
- Minn. Stat. §§ 65B.44, 65B.51 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Basic economic loss benefits shall provide reimbursement for all loss suffered through injury arising out of the maintenance or use of a motor vehicle, subject to any applicable deductibles, exclusions, disqualifications, and other conditions, and shall provide a minimum of $40,000 for loss arising out of the injury of any one person, consisting of:”
- Minn. Stat. §§ 65B.44, 65B.51 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“The sum of the following exceeds $4,000:”
- Mississippi Insurance Department auto insurance page (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Other optional coverages that can be added to your auto insurance policy include collision, comprehensive, and medical payments components”
- Missouri Department of Insurance Consumer Guide to Auto Insurance (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: Missouri Department of Insurance Consumer Guide to Auto Insurance
- Nebraska Department of Insurance, Importance of Auto Insurance and Types of Coverage (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Minimum Coverage Limits Required in Nebraska Bodily Injury Liability: $25,000 per person, $50,000 per accident Property Damage Liability: $25,000 for property damage Uninsured/Underinsured: $25,000 per person, $25,000 per accident Note: These coverages are the requirements by Nebraska state law.”
- Nevada Division of Insurance, Automobile Insurance (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“What other types of coverage can I buy?”
- RSA 264:16; NH Insurance Department Guide to Auto Insurance (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: RSA 264:16; NH Insurance Department Guide to Auto Insurance
- RSA 264:16; NH Insurance Department Guide to Auto Insurance (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“shall provide medical payments coverage therein or supplemental thereto in an amount equal to or greater than $1,000 per person”
- NJ Dept. of Banking and Insurance, Auto Insurance Guide 2026 (N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8) (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: NJ Dept. of Banking and Insurance, Auto Insurance Guide 2026 (N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8)
- NM OSI consumer tip, April 2022 (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: NM OSI consumer tip, April 2022
- N.Y. Ins. Law § 5104; 11 NYCRR § 65-1.1 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“there shall be no right of recovery for non-economic loss, except in the case of a serious injury, or for basic economic loss”
- N.Y. Ins. Law § 5104; 11 NYCRR § 65-1.1 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via Cornell LII (unofficial copy)“Basic economic loss of each eligible injured person on account of any single accident shall not exceed $50,000”
- NCDOI consumer article, July 2026 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“State law requires that motorists maintain a minimum 50/100/50 liability coverage.”
- N.D. Cent. Code §§ 26.1-41-01, 26.1-41-02, 26.1-41-08 (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: N.D. Cent. Code §§ 26.1-41-01, 26.1-41-02, 26.1-41-08
- Ohio Department of Insurance, Automobile Insurance Guide (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“MedPay is an optional coverage that pays you or your passengers”
- Oklahoma Insurance Department, Auto Insurance resource guide (Dec. 2024) (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: Oklahoma Insurance Department, Auto Insurance resource guide (Dec. 2024)
- ORS 742.520, 742.524 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via oregon.public.law (unofficial copy)“shall provide personal injury protection benefits to the person insured thereunder”
- ORS 742.520, 742.524 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via oregon.public.law (unofficial copy)“but not more than $15,000 in the aggregate for all such expenses of the person”
- 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1711, 1705 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“shall include coverage providing a medical benefit in the amount of $5,000.”
- 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1711, 1705 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Unless the injury sustained is a serious injury, each person who is bound by the limited tort election shall be precluded from maintaining an action for any noneconomic loss”
- R.I. Gen. Laws § 27-7-2.5 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“unless coverage is provided in the policy for medical payments in an amount of not less than twenty-five hundred dollars ($2,500) for each individual and five thousand dollars ($5,000) aggregate”
- S.C. Code Ann. §§ 38-77-144, 38-77-150 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“There is no personal injury protection (PIP) coverage mandated under the automobile insurance laws of this State.”
- S.D. Division of Insurance consumer page (Mandatory Coverage) (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Uninsured motorist coverage is required for all policies.”
- Tex. Ins. Code §§ 1952.152, 1952.153 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via texas.public.law (unofficial copy)“The coverage required by this subchapter does not apply if any insured named in the insurance policy rejects the coverage in writing.”
- Tex. Ins. Code §§ 1952.152, 1952.153 (checked November 9, 2026)Code text via texas.public.law (unofficial copy)“This subchapter does not require an insurer to provide personal injury protection coverage in an amount that exceeds $2,500 for all benefits, in the aggregate, for each person.”
- Utah Code §§ 31A-22-307, 31A-22-309 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“up to the minimum amount required coverage of not less than $3,000 per person”
- Utah Code §§ 31A-22-307, 31A-22-309 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“medical expenses to a person in excess of $3,000”
- VT DFR Consumer's Guide to Auto Insurance (rev. 2019) (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: VT DFR Consumer's Guide to Auto Insurance (rev. 2019)
- Va. Code § 38.2-2201 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“up to $2,000 per person; however, if the insured does not elect to purchase such limit the insurer and insured may agree to any other limit”
- RCW 48.22.085 and 48.22.095 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“No new automobile liability insurance policy or renewal of such an existing policy may be issued unless personal injury protection coverage is offered as an optional coverage.”
- RCW 48.22.085 and 48.22.095 (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Medical and hospital benefits of ten thousand dollars”
- WV Offices of the Insurance Commissioner, Automobile Mandatory Limits (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Automobile Mandatory Limits Liability: $25,000/$50,000 Property damage: $25,000 Uninsured Motorist: $25,000/$50,000 Property damage: $25,000”
- Wis. Stat. § 632.32(4) (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Medical payments coverage, in the amount of at least $1,000 per person.”“the named insured may reject medical payments coverage”
- W.S. § 31-10-101; Wyoming DOI consumer page (checked November 9, 2026)Official sourceWhere: W.S. § 31-10-101; Wyoming DOI consumer page
- W.S. § 31-10-101; Wyoming DOI consumer page (checked November 9, 2026)Official source“Medical Payment Coverage (MPC) pays for the medical and/or funeral expenses for you or others injured or killed in an accident while riding in or driving your automobile.”
Unofficial copies come from a legal publisher, not the state. They can lag the current code, so check the official code before relying on a date or amount.
Page last updated November 9, 2026. Attorney review pending. General information, not legal advice. Fees, hours and rules change; confirm on the official page. How we source.
Questions
What does no-fault state mean?
In its strict form, "the term no-fault applies only to states where insurance companies pay first-party benefits and where there are restrictions on the right to sue." [1] Your own insurer pays certain costs regardless of fault, and a threshold limits suing for pain and suffering.
What is a no-fault state?
One where PIP is required and a lawsuit threshold applies. In the table, those are the rows marked No-fault: Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Utah.
How many states use no-fault insurance?
Triple-I counts twelve states and Puerto Rico with a restriction on the right to sue [1]. Our table lists the states we could verify from each state's own source; its counts are shown above the table.
Is a no-fault state good or bad?
We do not rate systems. Triple-I notes the claimed benefit, "The no-fault system is intended to lower the cost of auto insurance by taking small claims out of the courts," and also that in some states verbal thresholds have been eroded by broad judicial interpretation [1].
What makes a state a no-fault state?
Required PIP plus a threshold on lawsuits. A state where first-party medical benefits are part of the policy (required, required unless you reject or waive them in writing, or required whenever you buy a policy) but lawsuits are not restricted is called add-on; one where the driver chooses is choice no-fault. See the explainer on PIP and no-fault.
Is no-fault the same as no-fault divorce?
No. This page is only about auto insurance.